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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(1-2):1-12 Settlement Pattern Change and the Development of Horticulture in the New York ..Ontario Area Marian E. White |
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A study of lroquoian sites in Western New York State and Southern
Ontario affords the opportunity to test the hypothesis that the
introduction of horticulture led to changes in aboriginal settlement
patterns. Four settlement pattern classes are proposed, based on
observable attributes of excavated sites. It is suggested that a
progressive change from the Recurrent to the Semi-Sedentary and
Semi-Permanent Sedentary patterns occurred prior to European
contact, as a result of increasing reliance on corn horticulture as
a source of food. Permanent settlements occurred during historic
times. Analysis of bones from middens at the Oakfield Site of ca.
1100-1200 A.D. indicates that the Semi-Sedentary settlement pattern,
with seasonal occupation of periodically moved villages, was
established in Western New York by that time. The Semi-Permanent
Sedentary pattern had become established in the area by 1575-1600
A.D. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(1-2):12-15 Bone Refuse from the Oakfield Site, Genesee County, New York John E. Guilday |
| Analysis of bone refuse from the Oakfield Site, Genesee County,
N. Y., indicates that the occupation was seasonal, probably during
the spring and summer. In contrast, bones from the Morrow Site of
the same period suggest a winter occupation, with concentration on
deer and no use of nearby aquatic resources. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(1-2):16-23 The Guyatt Site: Binbrook Township, Wentworth County, Ontario W. Douglas Bell |
| The Guyatt Site, a small prehistoric Iroquoian site on the upper
portion of Twenty Mile Creek, southeast of Hamilton, Ontario, was
partially excavated in October, 1951, by a party of students from
McMaster University, directed by the author. Pipes and high-collared
pot forms with simple and complex incised decoration are similar to
those of the Lalonde Focus of northern Ontario, while narrower
collars suggest an ultimate derivation in the Middleport horizon.
The site may represent a local manifestation of the Lalonde Focus,
dating from about A. D . 1400, or an early stage in the evolution of
Lalonde from a Middleport base. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(1-2):24-28 The McDonald Site John K. Warnica, M. D. |
| A prehistoric Iroquoian site in Simcoe County, Ontario, is
described briefly. The artifacts place the site in the Lalonde
Focus. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(1-2):35-50 Prehistoric Iroquois Studies in the Bristol Hills, New York : a Summary (Morgan Chapter Study Group Report No. 2) Charles F. Hayes |
| A survey of five sites in the Bristol Hills of western New York
State has been made during several recent field seasons by the
Rochester, N. Y., Museum of Arts and Sciences and members of Lewis
Henry Morgan Chapter, New York State Archeological Association.
Investigation suggests that the sites were small temporary and
possibly seasonal camps. Two of the sites exhibit some features that
are transitional between the Owasco and early Iroquois cultures,
while three appear to be ancestral Seneca of ca. A.D. 1300-1500.
There is as yet no clear evidence to prove or disprove MacNeish's
hypothesis of in situ development of Iroquois culture in the Bristol
Hills area. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(1-2):51-55 |
| Two accidentally discovered pots which illustrate different
stages in the development of Onondaga ceramic styles are described.
The Oak Orchard Pot, found in Onondaga County, is typical of the
protohistoric period when the Onondaga moved into central New York
from previous settlements in Jefferson County and the St . Lawrence
valley. The Silver Lake Pot, from Clinton County in the northeastern
Adirondacks, is typologically a century or two older. It was
probably made either by the Jefferson County Onondaga or by the
archeologically similar lroquoian people whom Cartier found in 1535
at Hochelaga, on the present site of Montreal. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(1-2):56-92 |
| In 1958 an 85-foot section of a multiple walled stockade was
opened on the Ronald Olcott property in Madison County, New York.
The outer wall had post holes up to 2 feet in diameter. These holes
held stone packing to accommodate 18 to 21 -inch diameter posts. The
inner wall had 3 to 5-inch diameter holes to support saplings.
Distinctive features of Late Prehistoric Oneida, Seneca and Mohawk
are compared. Olcott pottery is seen to be very much like that from
Late Prehistoric Onondaga and Seneca sites. Surprisingly enough,
Olcott pottery is not so closely related to Late Prehistoric Mohawk
as might be expected. Pottery and other artifacts from Olcott show
ties throughout Iroquoia. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(1-2):93-114 |
| A study of trade-knives and knife fragments from graves and
middens on ten Oneida Iroquois sites of the post-contact period has
made it possible to establish 10 types of knives used by the Oneidas
in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Trends are indicated which may
be useful in dating other sites, and sites in other areas. Nine
additional types of knives are il lustrated; these are found on
other sites of the same period, but not in the Oneida territory. The
knife typology clarifies traders' inventories and is confirmed by
contemporary paintings. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(1-2):115-123 |
| Historians have proposed diverse reasons for the rapid defeat
and dispersal of the Hurons following Iroquois attacks in 1647-1649,
which are reviewed. In this conflict, the two leagues probably had
about the same number of warriors, although the Hurons had more
villages. The political structure of the two leagues was probably
similar, since both are among people of similar cultural background,
in answer to the challenge of European trade. However, the Iroquois
enjoyed distinct geographical advantages as a result of their
position in Central New York, close to good markets which provided
them with superior armament. The Huron league broke up into its
original components when this advantage became overwhelmingly
apparent. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(3):127-129 |
| Unusually complete records of five "lost" petroglyph sites along
the Ohio River in the vicinity of East Liverpool, Ohio are an
outstanding example of work of professional quality, done by an
amateur without formal training in archeological field methods. The
petroglyphs were recorded in 1908-1909 by Harold B. Barth of East
Liverpool. His field notes, tracings of petroglyphs, photographs,
and plaster casts of individual designs are deposited in the East
Liverpool Museum. Carnegie Museum has been permitted to make
photographic copies of the tracings and prints of the original
photographs, which show sites that are now destroyed or submerged. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(3):130-134 |
| Consideration of the factors affecting the successful use of
dendrochronology indicates that it should be possible to make
limited use of eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis) and white pine (Pinus
strobus) to date wooden artifacts from Pennsylvania sites. Use of
dendrochronology will probably be limited to the Historic Period
(A.D. 1600 to date) and the later states of the Late Prehistoric
Period (A.D. 900-1600). |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(3):135-139 |
| Neither archeological finds nor trustworthy historical
references can be used to prove or disprove the occurrence of bison
in Pennsylvania in prehistoric times or during the Eighteenth
Century. Reported buffalo bones are from sites which produced bones
of domestic animals, and may have been cow bones. Most
circumstantial accounts of buffalo in western Pennsylvania turn out
to be based on the doubtfully authentic statements of Thomas Ashe
(1808). Place names and fairly abundant traditional stones do,
however, suggest that the bison w as present in the late Eighteenth
Century, in small numbers. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(3):140-141 |
| A fluted point from the Susquehanna valley in Pennsylvania has a
notch in one side which suggests possible use as a spokeshave. A
similar point has been reported from West Virginia. The possibility
that these points may have been multiple-use implements is
suggested. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(3):142-158 |
| Salvage excavation of a rock shelter in the Mianus River Gorge
of southwestern Connecticut revealed an occupation extending,
without discontinuities, from a preceramic to a ceramic horizon.
Although the recovered artifacts are few, the projectile point forms
seem to parallel the transition from narrow stemmed forms to broader
side- and corner-notched forms, reported for the Hudson Valley some
30 miles to the west. The site provides the first evidence of such
an Archaic development in southwestern Connecticut. A few potsherds
in the upper level of the site have similarities to both the Windsor
and East River wares, and may represent an early stage in the
ceramic period. Shell tempering is absent; a few sherds may be fiber
tempered. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(4):159-163 |
| Shaped and perforated phalangeal cones of deer, elk and other
ungulates are common bone artifacts on archeological sites. Such
objects are used by the present Indians of Canada in the cup-and-pin
gaming device, while other bones are used by the Eskimos of Ungava
and Quebec in a similar game. Some grooved-and-snapped humeri of
dog, bobcat and other animals, found in village debris, may have
been used in this way. |
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1963 Pennsylvania Archaeologist 33(4):164-194 |
| Imminent destruction of a well-known Monongahela site in
Washington County, Pennsylvania, necessitated hasty salvage
excavations by members of Allegheny Chapter, Society for
Pennsylvania archaeology. The presence of a small proportion of
limestone-tempered pot sherds, and of other sherds combining
limestone and shell temper, suggest that the occupation of the site
began in the period when the Early Monongahela culture was
developing from a Middle Woodland base. Strap handles, effigy
decoration and other evidence of Fort Ancient influence suggest that
the occupation continued into late Monongahela times, although it
had ended before the first European trade goods reached the
Monongahela people. |
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